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David Sinclair (00:00):
Welcome to the Lifespan Podcast where we discuss the science of aging and how to be healthier at any stage of life. I’m David Sinclair. I’m a professor of genetics at Harvard Medical School and I’m co-director of the Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research.
This podcast series is about why we age and why we may not have to, things you can do today and going forward to increase your wellness and to potentially live a much longer healthier life. We’ve talked about the biology of aging. We’ve talked about things that you can do at home, preferably under the supervision of your doctor and today we’re going to talk about things that you definitely will be talking to and requiring a doctor’s supervision to do and even things that your doctor is unable to do but potentially in the future may be able to.
I’m joined today by my co-host and my co-author, the lovely Matthew Laplante. Hey, Matthew. Hey, we’re back. We’re doing it again. We are definitely doing it. Today we’re doing a deep dive into some, you know, somewhat controversial stuff. This is a scary episode. Well, I don’t know if it’s scary, but we have to do a disclaimer. I think we have to say that what we’re going to talk about today, a lot of it isn’t approved by the FDA, but maybe in the future and some things that were available until recently and were banned by the FDA and are currently available only offshore.
Matthew LaPlante (01:23):
And just as was the case when we had the conversation about drugs and supplements and maybe even more so in this case, there’s a lot of misinformation out there about a lot of things that we’re going to be talking about today, these potential avenues for addressing longevity. We’re going to try to cut through that, but we are not doctors of the physician type.
David Sinclair (01:47):
That’s right. I’m a PhD in genetics. I’m not a physician. And so the things we’ve talked about in this series should always be done with the supervision and advice from your physician.
Matthew LaPlante (01:57):
Yeah, podcast is no substitute for a physician.
David Sinclair (01:60):
That’s right. But I’m a scientist. I can read the scientific literature, can distill that down. You’re a science communicator, and we’re here to be able to distill the wealth of information that’s out there and distinguish what’s fact from fiction and give people a starting point as to really how do they figure out what’s best for their wellness and what’s actual complete bull out there.
Matthew LaPlante (02:19):
And so today we’re going to be talking about stem cell therapy, peptides, exosomes, testosterone, growth hormone, and then we’re going to spend a little time talking about one of your favorite subjects, epigenetic reprogramming, but we can’t do that until we do something else first.
David Sinclair (02:35):
Well, we need to thank the sponsors who make this podcast freely available. Our first sponsor is Athletic Greens, the all-in-one daily drink to support better health and peak performance. Athletic Greens is a greens powder developed from a complex blend of 75 vitamins, minerals, and whole food sourced ingredients. It’s filled with adaptogens for recovery, probiotics, and digestive enzymes for gut health. There’s also vitamin C and zinc citrate for immune support.
I’ve been drinking Athletic Greens every morning for a few years. I really like it because I travel a lot and I don’t often eat perfectly and I can rest assured by drinking Athletic Greens, I’m getting everything I need for optimal wellness and health. So if you’d like to try Athletic Greens, you can go to athleticgreens.com slash Sinclair to claim a special offer. They’re giving five free travel packs plus a year’s supply of vitamin D3 for immune health and vitamin K2, which keeps the calcium out of your arteries and puts it into your bones where it’s needed. Again, go to athleticgreens.com slash Sinclair to claim this special offer. Today’s podcast is also brought to us by InsideTracker.
InsideTracker is a personalized nutrition platform that analyzes data from your blood and DNA to help you better understand your body and reach your health goals. I like InsideTracker because they present the data in a really clear form and the nutritional advice is really actionable and has been shown scientifically to improve many blood biomarkers. If you’re not looking at what’s going on in your body, you have no idea whether what you’re doing is actually working or not working. Another feature that InsideTracker has is their inner age test. This test shows you what your biological age is and you can optimize that.
They also make the test really easy to take. You can have people come to your house to have your blood drawn or you can go to a local clinic. If you’d like to try InsideTracker, you can visit insidetracker.com slash Sinclair and you’ll get 25% off any InsideTracker plan. Use the code Sinclair at the checkout. Today’s podcast is also brought to us by Levels. Levels is an app that syncs with a continuous glucose monitor that they provide and interprets your glucose data for you. I’ve been so impressed by Levels that I recently joined them as an advisor. By monitoring your blood glucose, Levels allows you to see how different foods impact you.
I’ve been really successful at impacting my blood glucose levels positively. I found that foods like grapes spike my glucose and potatoes don’t do so much. So that’s really important because I don’t get those highs anymore followed by a crash which leads to a brain fog and lethargy. So if you’d like to try Levels, you can skip the 150,000-person waitlist and join today by going to levels.link slash Sinclair. That’s levels.link slash Sinclair.
Matthew LaPlante (05:29):
All right, let’s dive in by starting today with testosterone. Super popular subject. Lots and lots of growth in testosterone replacement right now because of the fact that testosterone decreases as we age, and that’s disconcerting to a lot of people.
David Sinclair (05:48):
Well, for sure. After the age of 30 to 40, we lose about 1% of our testosterone levels. Men and women, it’s important for both sexes. The market has grown, so TRT or testosterone replacement therapy has grown from a few hundred million 10 years ago to multi-billion dollars now. It’s widely used, not just to supplement for sexual dysfunction, which is a common side effect of low testosterone, but for other things that include mental health, building muscle, overall fitness, vitality.
Matthew LaPlante (06:19):
And people swear by this. I mean, a lot of people, they do this, they say they feel younger, they say they feel more vigorous, they want to have sex again, they want to have sex all the time. There’s an important distinction to make here though, which is just because you feel younger does not necessarily mean you are reversing your biological aging.
David Sinclair (06:38):
Right. Let’s make a clear distinction. We’ve talked about adversity mimetics, and in the last episode we talked about the supplements and the kind of things that you can do in your life to mimic that. We want our bodies to be in a state of fear that times are tough and they need to hunker down and survive. There are other types of things that we’re going to talk about, which are abundance mimetics. Testosterone is one. We’re going to get to growth hormone as well. Please tell the body that times are good to build your muscle, to reproduce, go forth, multiply.
Matthew LaPlante (07:06):
And that’s what testosterone is doing. We get testosterone replacement therapy. We are putting a substance back into our body that has been reduced, but which signals our body that times are good enough. It’s okay to build muscle. It’s okay to run around chasing woolly mammoths, chasing the cave women around.
David Sinclair (07:23):
Exactly. Yes, that for sure. And that benefited our ancestors very well, but it didn’t help them long-term. What we now appreciate is the body has cycles of want and need and adversity, which is good for the long-term health of the body and times where things are abundant, times to grow, reproduce, which are great short-term, but probably not great for long-term health and longevity either.
Matthew LaPlante (07:47):
Okay. So let’s talk about what actually happens when our testosterone lowers and what happens importantly when we put it back, because this is helping a lot of people with a lot of problems that are coincidal with aging.
David Sinclair (08:02):
Well, for sure, there’ve been a lot of studies, millions of dollars and many thousands of people treated with TRT as it’s called. Shelley Basin, who’s a colleague of mine at Harvard has done a lot of these studies and he’s found some improvements, short-term improvements. So of course, improvements in libido, but also he shows a dose dependent increase in skeletal muscle mass, so you have bigger muscles, you’ve got more power, you can climb stairs, you can walk further in six minutes, improves aerobic capacity. These are all good things that he sees, but actually it’s not all good news. There were some side effects and may actually impact longevity. So some of the risks of TRT, there’s a worse sleep apnea, you can actually get larger breasts, little known factors, your testosterone can be turned into estrogen, which is a risk for men particularly. You can have what’s called benign prostatic hyperplasia, so a bigger prostate, need to go to the bathroom at night, shrinking testicles, not something I think many of us would want and increasing red blood cell protection, which could lead to blood clots.
Matthew LaPlante (09:03):
And if you’re already predisposed to prostate cancer, you have cancerous growth already, this could actually aggravate the tumors.
David Sinclair (09:09):
Yes, and actually the opposite is true. If you look at the history of Unix, they live longer, and so it may actually be that supplementing with testosterone is not conducive to longer life.
Matthew LaPlante (09:20):
Okay, so this is an important principle here, and we’re going to come back to this a couple of times on this episode, which is just because something makes you feel good today, and just because it might even be medically beneficial to you today, that does not necessarily mean it is addressing the causes of biological aging. It may be fixing something that you have a problem with, it may be improving even your quality of life right now, long term, that’s not the same thing as reducing or eliminating biological aging.
David Sinclair (09:52):
Yeah, let’s go back to the main concepts here today, which are that adversity mimetics are great things that mimic lack of food and a lot of exercise, but these abundance mimetics are probably a problem long term, even though they make you feel great short term.
Matthew LaPlante (10:10):
Okay, and that’s sort of giving away the punchline for HGH, but we need to talk about HGH as well. Human growth hormone, also something that is really popular right now, people supplementing with human growth hormone to address things like decreased exercise capacity, decreased bone density, decreased muscle mass, and increased body fat. This works, right? For those things, HGH is helpful.
David Sinclair (10:38):
Well, no question, short term, you’ll feel better, you’ll grow muscle, you’ll have less fat on growth hormone therapy. The science says that this may not be good for long term health and wellness. Going back to the original studies of Cynthia Kenyon, which we talked about in episode one, those mutant worms had low levels of growth hormone and insulin like growth hormone signaling. And they live longer. Twice as long. And this has been reproduced also in mice and even in humans. There are the loron dwarfs we were talking about earlier. These are smaller people that have low levels of growth hormone or actually IGF-1, one of the versions of this pathway.
They are relatively resistant against cancer and heart disease and may even live longer. Conversely, if you’re supplementing with growth hormone long term, the chances that you’re having the opposite, that you feel great, but long term, you might have even greater risk of cancer and heart disease.
Matthew LaPlante (11:28):
And you know people who are on HGH for various reasons. One of the immediate side effects, even before we get to sort of like the longevity implications, is sore joints, carpal tunnel syndrome.
David Sinclair (11:41):
Right. This is the kind of thing that does happen. Now, I just want to be clear. There are some benefits to bringing the levels back up to normal, okay? But going too high, which a lot of people do if they want additional benefits, that’s where I think the main risk comes from.
Matthew LaPlante (11:55):
Another risk immediate is increased insulin resistance.
David Sinclair (11:60):
That’s true. We get high levels of blood sugar. We get high cholesterol, carpal tunnel, edema, so build up of fluid, joint pain.
Matthew LaPlante (12:07):
Okay, so soreness in your joints, insulin resistance. Another one is an increase in the likelihood of type 2 diabetes. Because of that insulin resistance, all of this actually kind of sounds like symptoms of aging.
David Sinclair (12:20):
Right. And that’s the risk that the animal studies are telling us that growth hormone will tell your body that times are good, abundance mimetic, and that’s not good for long-term effects of health. And probably what’s going on is some acceleration of aging.
Matthew LaPlante (12:33):
Okay, but this isn’t to say, again, I think this really, we don’t want to say human growth hormone is bad, testosterone is bad. People need to have a naturally healthy level of these hormones in their body.
David Sinclair (12:47):
And there are ways to do that naturally. So for testosterone, you can work out the bigger muscles in your body, and that’ll also help with growth hormone. So I work out my thighs and my back particularly, keep those nice and strong, and I’ve found my natural testosterone levels go up to normal levels with that. So that’s a way to do it. With growth hormone, it’s all about eating at the right time and sleeping. So if you eat not too close to sleep time and then you rest through the night and have a good night’s sleep, that’s the best way to improve your growth hormone levels.
Matthew LaPlante (13:17):
And if you’re doing all of that and you’re still struggling to keep these levels up, that’s the time to talk to your doctor about supplementation. But that supplementation needs to be aimed not at hyper-increasing the levels of these in your bodies, but just keeping them at that sort of like that natural healthy level.
David Sinclair (13:35):
Well, exactly. But I would encourage everyone to try it naturally first.
Matthew LaPlante (13:39):
So far, this sort of feels like bad news because these are things that a lot of people have gotten it in their heads might be beneficial to anti-aging. And what you’re saying and what the evidence suggests is that there is no anti-aging benefit. There might be a short-term gain, not a long-term anti-aging benefit. But these aren’t the only things that are sort of like hot on the market right now. Another thing that’s really popular to talk about, really popular to try where it is legal is peptide supplementation.
David Sinclair (14:10):
Yeah, so peptides, just like hormones, are made of strings of amino acids, but typically smaller about a hundred amino acids. You can synthesize them on a machine or extract them from tissues. And they’re used by cells to communicate between each other. So your brain will put out peptides to signal the body, your liver, and your muscle. And some of these are really good, some are really bad. We don’t know what they all do. There are probably a thousand made by the body. We probably only know about what 20 of them do in great detail.
Matthew LaPlante (14:39):
What we do know is as a class, they help cells communicate to one another. And so just sort of like holistically speaking, it’s like, oh, that’s really good because in part, aging is a loss of cellular communication. And so peptides help increase that cellular communication, voila, they must be great for aging.
David Sinclair (15:00):
Well, again, it’s whether you’re an adversary, adversity mimetic or an abundance mimetic, that’s the difference. And really you have to make a distinction between those two things. One of the best studied peptides of all time is insulin. And clearly that’s important if you’re deficient in it. We’ve known this since the 1920s.
Matthew LaPlante (15:17):
We actually have a hundred years now, is it 1921, which was when insulin was first discovered?
David Sinclair (15:22):
Right. Banting and Best in 1921 found they could extract this insulin extract from the pancreas of a dog and inject it into a dog that had diabetes and cure it within hours.
Matthew LaPlante (15:35):
And within months, they were trying this on human beings because that’s how things worked back then.
David Sinclair (15:39):
Yeah. And they even won Nobel prizes quicker. It was only one or two years afterwards that they won the Nobel prize for that.
Matthew LaPlante (15:44):
So they went from this works in dogs to let’s try this out in a 14-year-old boy to Nobel prize in the span of like two years.
David Sinclair (15:54):
Was worth it because in those days, particularly type one diabetics, which is the childhood version of this, the lack of insulin meant that they would have to go on a, the kids would have to go on a starvation diet. And even then they would die within a year or so. It was horrific. And suddenly people were living for decades. That first patient lived for another 13 years.
Matthew LaPlante (16:12):
And so this set us down the road of studying peptides and their health benefits. And then a really big thing happened in the sixties, which is we figured out how to synthesize peptides.
David Sinclair (16:24):
Right. That was a big deal. And then in 1978, they started to be made using recombinant DNA technology. And that’s where we find ourselves today is that most of these hormones and peptides that are available on the market are made using recombinant DNA technology. Though these very small peptides are unique because you can synthesize them on machine, which makes them very cheap.
Matthew LaPlante (16:46):
You say like, there’s like, some people have these machines at their homes.
David Sinclair (16:50):
Yeah. I’m aware of some people that have them and they’re making them at home and injecting themselves. I don’t recommend that. That’s currently, that’s off label use of drugs and you don’t want to do that, but that gives you an idea how possible it is to make a drug these days, especially these peptides.
Matthew LaPlante (17:07):
Because these are at this point, so easy to synthesize and because they’re relatively cheap and because they are relatively non-toxic, there’s been lots and lots of clinical studies on the use of peptides.
David Sinclair (17:23):
Right. Thousands of human studies. And it’s interesting. Why are they so safe? Well, they’re not foreign, they’re typically already found in the body and they’re small, so they don’t typically have an immune reaction, though the risk is not zero.
Matthew LaPlante (17:37):
They metabolize quickly.
David Sinclair (17:38):
They’re also metabolized quickly. And so the risk is relatively low. And for that reason, there are a number of doctors who have been okay giving these peptides to patients.
Matthew LaPlante (17:48):
And what we’re looking for when we give peptides to people specifically for the cause of anti-aging is a boost of regenerative signaling.
David Sinclair (17:56):
Right. So what you’re looking for is the ability to recover from damage, increase wound healing, lower blood sugar levels, increase mitochondrial activity. Those are examples or signatures of an adversity mimetic, not an abundance mimetic.
Matthew LaPlante (18:11):
Okay. Let’s talk about some of these. We have discussed in the past MOTC.
David Sinclair (18:17):
Right. MOTC. MOTC. So M-O-T-S-C. That’s a really interesting peptide.
An unusual class that actually doesn’t come from the nucleus, the normal chromosomes that we talk about, but from the mitochondrial DNA in mitochondria. And up until about 10 years ago, we thought that there were only 13 genes encoded in the mitochondrial genome. And there are now about a hundred known. And MOTC is probably the best characterized of those. There’s another one called humanin as well. MOTC, when injected into mice, lowers blood sugar levels, increases mitochondrial activity, gives you the signatures of long life, probably promotes life. There’s some evidence of that and has been in humans. In fact, there’s a clinical trial that was just released, the results of which showed that it reduces fat in the body and improves fatty liver, which are, again, signatures of potential longevity.
Matthew LaPlante (19:05):
And so, so your belief at this point is that there are likely peptides that are valuable when it comes to addressing the causes of biological aging, unlike these other things we’ve talked about today?
David Sinclair (19:19):
Well, almost certainly, but we don’t know enough yet to say for sure that these are perfectly safe or will increase lifespan. A lot less is known about these peptides than testosterone or growth hormone.
Matthew LaPlante (19:30):
And to that end, the FDA agrees, they’re nervous.
David Sinclair (19:36):
Well, yeah, because they became so popular, typically on the West Coast, LA, there was a real mega trend and still is to try these out. And they have a variety of properties that seem to be beneficial anecdotally, improving memory, muscle mass, lowering inflammation. The FDA looked at this and said, whoa, hold on, we don’t know enough. And they sent a letter to a company saying, stop making this. And then that sent shockwaves. This was March of 2020. And so since then, it’s been impossible to get some of these peptides in the United States.
Matthew LaPlante (20:08):
Because they’ve stopped compounding them.
David Sinclair (20:10):
Right. So even though there have been some promising results with peptides, the FDA has said some of these need to be regulated. And many of them now you cannot get in the United States.
Matthew LaPlante (20:20):
So they’re still in clinical studies, researchers are still examining them, but the avenues for getting these in the United States have become more limited. There are still people getting them overseas, compounding them in their own machines at home.
David Sinclair (20:34):
Right. But still we have to be careful because they’re not all perfectly safe. And one of the reasons the FDA was nervous about this and banned many of them is that there are some side effects. It’s not just that they can be redness where they’re injected, but actually it seems like you can induce arthritis type effects when the immune system recognizes these peptides as foreign. And that would be something you definitely wouldn’t want to have is an immunological reaction.
Matthew LaPlante (20:57):
A lot of these have names that are like Star Wars droids. And so people have heard these, heard of these, they might wonder what they’re doing. One that’s really popular in conversation right now is BP157.
David Sinclair (21:10):
Yeah, BP157 is one of the more popular ones. It’s been used to increase blood flow, lower inflammation, and even regenerate neurons for cognitive ability. But there are lots of others. There’s one called SS31, which targets the mitochondria and improves mitochondrial function. Could seem to be good for the heart, maybe for longevity. There’s another popular one called GHK copper. It’s part of a copper complex. Was first identified in human plasma, later it’s found in saliva and urine, and it’s been used to help wound healing, attract immune cells. It’s an antioxidant, stimulates collagen, protects tissues against inflammation, can even be used apparently to reduce fine lines, wrinkles, and grow hair again. There’s a…
Matthew LaPlante (21:55):
Is this based on, I mean, is this anecdotal evidence? Is this research-based evidence? How do we know these things about these different peptides?
David Sinclair (22:03):
Yeah, most of these come from mouse studies and then they’re anecdotal from studies that clinicians are currently doing. But yeah, again, I want to stress that most of these things that we’re saying are anecdotal and not yet scientifically validated.
Matthew LaPlante (22:18):
These are some people’s experiences and this is all one of the reasons why there is a pretty significant movement right now, this sort of like save peptides movement of people who are contacting the FDA and saying, please make these things more available to us again.
David Sinclair (22:33):
Well, yeah, there’s one in particular thymosin alpha-1, which has been known since the 1970s to be beneficial. It seems to be great, particularly for helping against or fighting bacteria and viral infections, but it was also listed on the banned substances in 2020. And there’s a movement to bring it back because with COVID-19, it’s thought that it could help. Talking about other ones, some of these work with fat loss apparently. We’ve got tesamoralin, CJC-1295 is taken with one called ipramoralin. There’s AOD-9604 and the BPC-157, again, can be good for weight loss apparently.
One of the other ones I mentioned, humanin, is again, one of those mitochondrial derived peptides like MOTS-C and in mice, at least, it’s been shown to help against type 2 diabetes, high blood sugar, cardiovascular disease, and even help with neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s. But in humans, it’s not clear if that’s true. Pinealone is a really interesting one. It’s actually an active peptide complex and it’s been thought to treat memory, attention deficits, brain injury, stroke, chronic fatigue, et cetera. But again, early days, we don’t know for sure if this is actually true in humans. And then finally, we should just mention there are others that are being used to combat fatigue and also boost the immune system. They go by names like Dyhexa, Cerebral Lyson, Cemax, Cellink, or even BPC-157 is used with Cemax and Cerebral Lyson together. Again, these are all pretty much experimental. They’ve been shown to be effective in mice. So we have a long way to go before we know if they’re truly effective in humans. And there, we always need placebo-controlled double-blind clinical studies.
Matthew LaPlante (24:10):
Kyle Newsome Which are underway. I mean, there are lots and lots of clinical studies going on. It’s just not moving as fast as I think a lot of people would really like it to move. But that’s the reality of the space that we’re in right now.
David Sinclair (24:22):
Well, it is. And often it is frustrating. And I can speak from personal experience, how long it takes to make a drug can be extremely slow. And we’re all getting older. We’re not getting, in the case of most of us, we’re not getting any younger. And there is a desire to rush into things. But I think we need to exercise some caution here because you can have these negative side effects, particularly in the case of peptides and immune reaction that could be deleterious in the long run.
Matthew LaPlante (24:45):
And in that long run, though, you see these as a very promising avenue for a lot of therapies that are going to help a lot of people, not just with individual conditions, but you think with aging.
David Sinclair (24:58):
Oh, for sure, not all of these, of course. But those that mimic adversity, MOTS-C is a good example of one that I think has the right signature. I think they have a lot of promise.
Matthew LaPlante (25:05):
Because there is an explosion of research going on sort of at the same time with peptides and this other thing that we’re about to talk about, exosomes. I think these happen in the same breath. A lot of times people talk about peptides and exosomes. Both of these are cellular signalers, but exosomes work, well, they are different, and they work a little differently.
David Sinclair (25:25):
Or very different. These are packages of information. They contain, well, they’re membrane-bound, so they’re little vesicles about the size of a virus. They travel between cells and into cells very easily. And inside, it’s not just one message, there’s multiple messages. There’s peptides inside, there’s DNA, there’s RNA, even what are called microRNAs, which are similar to peptides, very small pieces, in this case of nucleic acid material, that can go from the brain to other tissues, from tissues back up to the brain. And this is essentially the way the body can coordinate. So if there’s an injury on your hand, your brain will know, or if your brain gets injured, the rest of your body knows. You need to have these messengers to coordinate the system in the same way you could imagine that the U.S. post. And so these are little mail deliveries or cargos that we can both intercept and read. Perhaps we can use these to diagnose diseases, including cancer, but also we can make more of them and infuse them into people to give a false alarm, perhaps even to simulate this adversity and make us live longer.
Matthew LaPlante (26:26):
And before we get to those therapeutic processes, one of the really fast-moving avenues for using exosomes is basically collecting them from the blood, counting them up, and being able to diagnose different injuries. And even, like, you can pull from people’s blood these exosomes, and then you can say like, oh, they have an injury here, they have a disease there.
David Sinclair (26:51):
Right, yeah, there are companies now that, there’s one called Czar Therapeutics, there are others that you can read the cargo and you can say, okay, that comes from the pancreas, that is the signature of a stage three pancreatic cancer. So we may be able to use these to diagnose cancer years in advance.
Matthew LaPlante (27:08):
Without biopsy.
David Sinclair (27:09):
Right, just a blood test, even a finger prick at home, send it off and diagnose cancer.
Matthew LaPlante (27:13):
And that would be reason enough to be excited, I think, about the potential for exosomes to tell us what’s going on in our bodies. But what else we’re learning right now about exosomes is that if we supplement these into the bodies of mice, like by injecting them back into their bloodstreams, it can help with injury.
David Sinclair (27:32):
Yeah, I mean, there’s a really well-known paper now from August 2017 by my good colleague down at Albert Einstein College of Medicine, medicine Dongxiang Cai, and his expertise is looking how the hypothalamus, the little organ at the base of the brain communicates to the rest of the body. And he’s found that inflammation and damage to that part of the body affects the rest of the animal, including aging. And in this case, he found, interestingly, that neuronal stem cells, these progenitors in the hypothalamus, they secrete exosomes that tell the body to hunker down and survive. And the mouse can actually live longer if you isolate these exosomes and give it to the mouse. And when they did the opposite, they deleted these special cells that make the exosomes and the mice got diseases of aging and lived shorter. Why is that happening? Well, we don’t know. In most cases, there’s so many things within the exosomes that it’s very hard to figure out which of those particular cargos is responsible for the biological effect. But ultimately, if we can figure that out, we could make exosomes with just that particular component. And that could be a drug in the future.
Matthew LaPlante (28:33):
There was another fairly recent paper on exosomes, a 2019 paper from some Chinese researchers that used exosome replacement to address ulcer healing. And what they concluded was that the exosomes were actually rejuvenating senescent cells. Really fascinating.
David Sinclair (28:54):
Well that, so senescent cells, if you missed the previous episode, are cells that as they get old and they have X differentiation, they lose their ability to read their DNA correctly. They become senescent. They stop dividing. They sit there and they start secreting inflammatory molecules, can even cause cancer to develop.
We try to delete these cells. We know that in a mouse and probably in a human, if you get rid of these inflammatory senescent cells, it’s good for health. But here we’re saying what the researchers are saying is that these exosomes, the particular type of exosomes can reverse senescence. That’s unheard of. If that turns out to be true, that would be quite a remarkable thing. Meaning one day we don’t have to kill off these cells, which in the brain, you wouldn’t want to do that necessarily. We could actually rejuvenate them and get them to grow again healthily.
Matthew LaPlante (29:40):
Right now, the way we understand how to do that is through the Yamanaka factors. But this would be another avenue toward that same goal of taking X differentiated cells and sending them back into a differentiated state.
David Sinclair (29:57):
Well, the Yamanaka factor rejuvenation of senescent cells is preliminary. This is some of the work we’re doing in my lab. And it’s not even clear if the Yamanaka factors are potent enough to reverse senescence. But this finding that you referred to is the first instance that that might be possible.
Matthew LaPlante (30:12):
All of this is why there’s a lot of excitement around this particular potential therapy. But again, just like peptides, this is sort of the Wild West right now. But people are already taking exosomes and having them shot into their bodies.
David Sinclair (30:29):
They can be delivered by IV or intramuscularly. But again, we don’t know what the long-term benefits or side effects are. So we have to be careful. It’s still available in some parts of the US, but we don’t know.
Matthew LaPlante (30:42):
Yeah, this is not one of those things you have to go to Costa Rica for. At least as of right now, the FDA hasn’t cracked down. They haven’t said this is a step too far.
David Sinclair (30:49):
That’s right. But well, while exosomes aren’t completely banned in the United States, you can bet that the FDA is looking at this for potential safety concerns. And we’ll see how things go over the next few years.
Matthew LaPlante (30:59):
That’s not the same thing as saying like, go do it now.
David Sinclair (31:02):
No, no, that’s not what we’re here for. We want to educate and look at what might be available down the line once things are proven to be safe and effective.
Matthew LaPlante (31:10):
And this is another one of those things. Like peptides, you’re feeling positive that there is going to be actual clinical research that will show us the actual benefits of these. We don’t have to make super, super guesses. We can actually see in the research how exosomes are going to be beneficial and then start to implement them into our longevity regimes in a responsible way.
David Sinclair (31:35):
That’s right. And just to be clear, exosomes are a highly validated scientific pursuit. And there are biotech companies, pharmaceutical companies building giant factories for billions of dollars to make exosomes to treat diseases. The question is, do they work for long-term health and longevity and how safe they are to be used over decades? That we don’t know yet.
Matthew LaPlante (31:57):
Let’s move then into an area of research that is even further along. Still we’re learning more about every single day, but also has potential anti-aging implications, stem cells. Let’s start with a little primer. Stem cells are?
David Sinclair (32:16):
Stem cells are cells that can divide asymmetrically to produce cells that go on to make tissues. So for skin, you need stem cells to make all the skin that grows over your lifetime. And they retain youth so that they can keep dividing over and over. And they don’t become any particular certain cell type over time.
Matthew LaPlante (32:34):
And stem cells can become more stem cells or they can become any kind of cell.
David Sinclair (32:39):
And there’s a few different types. Right. The two main classes are multipotent, which can make a few different types of tissues. These are cells that you typically get from an embryo, or we can go all the way back to age zero and what are called pluripotent stem cells, which can make any type of cell and any type of tissue.
Matthew LaPlante (32:57):
You can think of this sort of like as, as one of those trees, right? Like, like you have the pluripotent cell that can do anything. And then after a while, a little further down in the development, you have the multipotent cells, which are still able to transition into several different kinds of cells, but not all the different kinds of cells.
David Sinclair (33:17):
Exactly. And so if you want to build a mini human brain or rebuild a kidney out of a skin cell, you have to wind the clock all the way back to zero and start again. And that’s called inducing a pluripotent stem cell state.
Matthew LaPlante (33:29):
And that goes back to what we were talking about earlier, the Yamanaka factors. This is one of the ways that we’ve identified that we can turn a stem cell or any kind of cell from being a stem cell back into a state of pluripotency.
David Sinclair (33:41):
Yeah, let’s just talk about Shinya Yamanaka because it’s really quite an amazing story. So Yamanaka in Japan in the early, well, 2010s was in his lab was figuring out or trying to figure out how do you take an adult cell from an animal or a human and make it pluripotent? Because if you could do that, imagine you could build any tissue you wanted. And he was trying lots of different gene combinations and hit upon five genes that when put together worked to take. So I could take your skin cell now using Yamanaka’s genes or Yamanaka factors and make a pluripotent stem cell line and rebuild you. I could even turn you, by the way, into a sperm and an egg and clone you, but I won’t do that. So Yamanaka found the following genes. So Kayla 4, SOX2, CMIC, and LIN28.
We used three of them, particularly in my lab. We’ll talk about that later, OSMK for short, but this was a major breakthrough because finally you could take anybody’s skin cell, which you could easily get from the cheek or a biopsy, grow that in a dish, look, reprogram them, which takes about a week once you put these genes in. And when they grow up into what we call a colony, which is an assemblage of about a hundred cells, you pick those and now you could grow basically anything you want from Matt LaPlante cells.
Matthew LaPlante (34:51):
Well, and I’ve seen this in your lab where you’ve taken cells from a mouse, you’ve induced them into a state of pluripotency, and then you have trained them for lack of a better word to grow into brain cells. And now you have these little clusters of brain cells that look like little brains.
David Sinclair (35:12):
Well, we’ve done that for mice and we’ve done that for human. We have many human brains and we take these from old individuals, old normal individuals, and also patients that have susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease. And again, I think I want to talk about this later, but we have the ability in my lab to drive aging forwards in those what are called cerebral organoids and even in reverse. And that’s what’s important really for being able to study the human brain without having to touch patients. And we can go a lot quicker that way.
Matthew LaPlante (35:42):
Before we sort of go down that rabbit hole, can I take us back just a couple of steps to how this actually happens? Like how do you take these factors and put them into a cell?
David Sinclair (35:57):
It’s actually really easy. Any high school student could do it. There are a number of ways.
The old ways of doing it are you can pass electricity through the cells in the dish and they take up DNA that encodes these Yamanaka genes. You can put them in what are called liposomes or liposomes, which are fat membrane bound little balls. But the way we do it in the lab, which is the most efficient is we use viruses, domesticated viruses that are typically used in patients for gene therapy. We use them in the lab. They’re called adeno-associated viruses or AAVs. We package inside those the Yamanaka genes and just throw them into the dish and they infect all the cells in the dish. And now those cells are transgenic. They carry these genes and we can turn those genes on and off at will using drugs and see what happens.
Matthew LaPlante (36:43):
And the implication here is that we can take these now pluripotent cells and then we can use them to treat areas of the body where the cells just aren’t acting the way that they’re supposed to act anymore. But there’s still a problem with pluripotent cells, right? Or sorry, induced pluripotent cells right now. And that is cancer.
David Sinclair (37:06):
Yeah, if you take the age of a cell back to zero and allow it to just grow and put it into a mouse and probably a human, you’ll get cancer. Teratoma is a particularly pernicious type of cancer, which can be, you know, a hairy ball of mass sometimes with teeth in it. You don’t want that. So you have to be very careful not to put these pluripotent stem cells back into the body and just let them grow.
Matthew LaPlante (37:30):
Which is why right now most stem cell therapies aren’t using induced pluripotent stem cells. They’re using harvested stem cells and we can get those from a variety of places.
David Sinclair (37:40):
Right. Mainly what we’re using or what scientists and doctors are using are what are called autologous stem cells, cells that you take out of your body from various parts of the body, typically fat cells on your back or your hips, and then purifying them out, freezing them down and or putting them back into the body in different places or into the bloodstream.
Matthew LaPlante (37:60):
So we can just suck stem cells out of fat, out of adipose tissue. A lot of people don’t think like, well, why would we even go through the process of trying to induce pluripotency if we can just take stem cells out of fat? But one of the things that I think needs to be said, and you’ve done some research on this is that stem cells age also.
David Sinclair (38:19):
They do. They undergo epigenetic changes that make them less able to regenerate new tissues. And that’s also true. You see that with gray hair and hair loss. That’s the loss of the stem cells in the hair follicle.
One other thing that would just happen recently is it was discovered that you don’t just have stem cells getting old. They can even be kicked out of what’s called the niche where they belong, they like to reside. So if you look at the hair cell, there’s a fascinating video that I threw up on Twitter and the stem cell you could see, they captured it under the microscope, it got kicked out. And it’s suffice to say what is really going on is that the stem cells need to be slowed down in their aging process or even replaced. And we’re only just learning how to do that.
Matthew LaPlante (39:00):
The other thing that we can do is capture them at a much younger state. That’s where cord blood comes in.
David Sinclair (39:07):
Right. And you can even do that for adults. The idea is that if you capture these cells when they’re very young or if you’re in your twenties and thirties, you can bank them, put them in a freezer for later use either to replace the blood if you have leukemia or even using new technologies to modify them and grow new tissues, perhaps even replacing old blood when we get very old.
Matthew LaPlante (39:30):
And a lot of people are doing this now. It’s becoming more and more common for people to say, hey, look, I want to preserve my child’s ability to use those stem cells later on, even if we’re not exactly sure how they’re going to be used. And so they’re banking them. Your kids are in their teens and early adult years. But if you could go back in time, would you do this?
David Sinclair (39:53):
Yeah, we didn’t do that because at the time it wasn’t clear if they would be useful. But now it’s very clear that there are uses for them, especially if they get childhood cancer. And so I would do that. If I was a new parent, I would aim to bank those. How about you?
Matthew LaPlante (40:05):
Yeah, I mean, so as you know, I haven’t followed you down every longevity rabbit hole that you’ve gone down and the other people have gone down. But this is definitely 100 percent something that if my child had been born today, I would absolutely do. I would be banking their their core blood. If I did want to do that now, though, how would I go about how would I go about doing that?
David Sinclair (40:26):
There are companies you can contact. And often the hospital and the doctors you work with know how to do this, but you need to get ready. You at least need a few days off in a week to get ready for this because you need to spin them down and put them in a freezer. But when you when you have a placenta, there are particular parts of the placenta. You can take the cord blood. You can take a thing called Wharton’s jelly, which is this gelatinous substance made of hyaluronic acid where there’s a particular concentration of stem cells you can also isolate.
Matthew LaPlante (40:53):
We can also isolate stem cells from adults. Again, these are stem cells that have, you know, gone down their trajectory from pluripotency often to multipotency. And so they’re not you know, they’re more aged. But the earlier we do this, the better, right?
David Sinclair (41:09):
Yeah, these stem cells in adults don’t just age and become dysfunctional. They can outcompete each other. They can grow faster. If you have mutations in genes like TET1, TET2, DNMTs, they grow faster and can actually outcompete the rest of the immune system. If you look at hundred year olds, often they only have one or two instead of thousands of types of immune cells, which is a real problem if they get pneumonia. It’s often why these elderly people don’t survive an infection. So what you might want to do is to bank these HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells when you’re younger so that you can replace your immune system as you get older.
Matthew LaPlante (41:43):
However we obtain the stem cells, researchers are using them for all kinds of diseases. They’re being used to regenerate and repair disease and damaged tissues in people with spinal cord injuries, type 1 diabetes, Parkinson’s disease, ALS, Alzheimer’s, heart disease, stroke, burns, cancer, arthritis. And the reason why I’m saying like making this big list is because now thanks to what, I mean like really you’ve done this to me, anytime I hear a big list of diseases and one singular thing that can address all of those diseases, I don’t think of those diseases separately anymore. I think of aging.
And there’s a lot of implications here for the potential to use stem cells perhaps to treat aging and a lot of people like these other things we were talking about are really excited about this potential avenue for anti-aging. Well they do have a lot of potential.
David Sinclair (42:38):
First of all we can make new organs using these induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs and even these autologous stem cells we’re talking about that you can pull out from children and from adults, they can be used to replace stem cells that get old. But there’s a real fundamental drawback to using stem cells to live longer. And that is that they often don’t find their niche, their resting place. Even if you inject them into the eye, often they don’t find their home and in fact one of the problems was when researchers did this to patients in Florida, there were three people who became blind when it wasn’t done correctly. So there are real problems.
Matthew LaPlante (43:13):
That coincided with an FDA order that said, hey everybody, slow it down, be careful.
David Sinclair (43:20):
You can get some stem cell therapies now but the majority of them have been banned for now. But what is really a problem is that if you can’t get them to the right place, they’re not going to rejuvenate the whole body. So what we’re looking at now is how do you rejuvenate the existing stem cells and stop them getting old or even reverse the aging of the stem cells in situ where they exist. And we’ll get to that but this is the reprogramming technology that should work not just on normal cells but even stem cells to make them young, truly young again.
Matthew LaPlante (43:50):
And there’s been a lot of research showing that stem cells can have a therapeutic effect in like specific parts of the body. But when we talk about this like aging umbrella in general, there was one study, actually two studies, a phase one study to phase two study from researchers at the University of Miami in 2017 that gave stem cell therapy, harvested stem cells from younger donors, gave them to older frail patients and small scale but it showed improvements in the distances that these people could walk. It lowered the levels of cytokines, it improved their mental state and they had a reported quality of life improvement as well.
David Sinclair (44:33):
Yeah, I mean that’s a remarkable couple of studies if it can be reproduced. But for now, what most people are using the mesenchymal stem cells for is in joints. When you wear out the joint and there’s not a lot of collagen, injections of stem cells into those joints seems to be at least therapeutic for a short amount of time. Whether or not it’s because the stem cells stay in there or they’re secreting exosomes or other peptides, it’s unclear.
Matthew LaPlante (44:57):
So this is another area of research then that again, probably people don’t want to just walk into a clinic tomorrow and get a stem cell injection because like you said, the stem cells might not even know where to go. But in the future, this is likely to be part of people’s common anti-aging regimen.
David Sinclair (45:18):
Well, I’m sure. I think the future looks like this, that we can keep our bodies healthy by eating right, doing physical exercise, taking the right medicines, such supplements. And when that doesn’t work and things fail, you can then rebuild the body, replace cells, put in new organs. And that way we’ll live probably many decades longer than we can currently live.
Matthew LaPlante (45:38):
And then there’s one more thing that in the future we may be able to do, and this leads us to this thing that you’re doing in your lab right now. You had quite a few published studies on that are pretty darn exciting. We’re talking about cellular reprogramming.
David Sinclair (45:54):
Well this is the big one. We’ve been working for many years on slowing aging, but we’ve wondered how do you get that to be reversed? Is there a reset switch in an old cell? And we think we found it. We’re standing of course on the shoulders of Shinya Yamanaka who showed you can reset the age of a cell back to zero, but that of course causes cancer. And if you do that in a mouse, it’ll die within days. So that’s not going to be a therapy anytime soon. I don’t recommend it. But what a wonderful student, Wan-Cheng Lu, did a few years ago in my lab was he found a set of genes that are Yamanaka factors that were able to reverse the age of cells and tissues in an animal and in human cells to a certain point, going back about 80% of age, but not to zero. So that this was a new safe approach to reversing the age of the body without any negative side effects.
Matthew LaPlante (46:46):
And he did this by, instead of using all five Yamanaka factors, he used three of them.
David Sinclair (46:50):
Three and the C-Myc, which is the M, we definitely don’t want that in there or LIN28. These are what are called oncogenic genes, cancer causing genes. So we left those out and surprisingly those other three, O, S and K for short, worked, not just in cells in the dish, but even in the whole animal. We focused on the eye because we thought reversing blindness would be pretty cool and could be a drug, a very quick drug to develop relative to the whole body. And it worked. Wan-Cheng sent me a text of a picture of an eye where he also regenerated the optic nerve that was crushed. And then he went on to restore vision in mice that were given glaucoma, which is pressure in the eye, and even restore eyesight to blind old mice.
Matthew LaPlante (47:30):
And let’s slow this down a little bit and take people through the process because we’ve gone from like, you know, Yamanaka factors to restoring eyesight in mice. Let’s talk about first the conditions that were trying to be fixed were damaged optic nerve cells. And you used AAVs, these delivery viruses to send these three Yamanaka factors into the cell. Once they were there, what started happening?
David Sinclair (47:59):
Well, to be clear, our genome has the Yamanaka genes in it, but they’re normally only turned on when we’re little embryos. So we had to reintroduce those three genes with a system where we could turn them on at will. And we were using an antibiotic to turn them on called doxycycline. We injected them with the virus into the eye. It’s a very simple procedure. In fact, a lot of patients that are blind get this treatment already with other drugs. So it doesn’t hurt, only takes 10 minutes. We put it into the eye of the mouse. We damaged the eye and asked could those reprogrammed eyes that we reprogrammed for a month, could they regrow? And the answer was yes.
Matthew LaPlante (48:35):
And not only did they regrow, but these mice that were effectively blind, that were blind, you can do little tests and you can see that their eyes actually work like young mice’ eyes again.
David Sinclair (48:46):
Well, we put pressure in the eye to mimic glaucoma, which is a major cause of blindness in the world. Or we just let the mice age out to one year of age and they were blind, essentially. And we could tell that they were blind because we show them little images that move, lines actually that move from left to right. And if a mouse can see that, young mice will move their heads. It’s called the optomotor.
Matthew LaPlante (49:05):
You can see videos of this. This is really cute. They’re like watching a tennis match.
David Sinclair (49:08):
Yeah, we do that too, by the way. We also, of course, we measure the electrical activity of those nerves. We also measure the age of those nerve cells. We look at which genes are switched on and off. And the conclusion was that the nerves went back in time, back to the full reset to about 80%. Their genes, the gene expression patterns, as we call it, which is which genes are on and off, was reset to being young again. And the mice got their vision back as almost as good as they were when they were young.
Matthew LaPlante (49:34):
So a lot of people will hear this and say, man, this is really cool. You can reset blindness in a mouse or reset vision in a mouse. Can we do this with other cells?
David Sinclair (49:45):
Yeah, it turns out that it’s not just nerve cells that can be rejuvenated and sent back in time. We’ve done this for skin cells, we’re doing it for muscle cells, we’ve done it for other parts of the eye. And in fact, that the shape of the eye and the structure of the eye, it doesn’t just go back in time, it actually rebuilds itself like it’s young again. So we’re super optimistic that this may be a universal mechanism of age resetting in the body that cannot just be applied to different mouse tissues, but also in humans as well. And we’re in the process, hopefully in a year, year and a half, of trying to restore vision in human patients that have lost their vision due to either glaucoma or genetic diseases.
Matthew LaPlante (50:21):
So this is happening because it’s accessing the backup copy of the original state of the genetic code that the cells are building themselves up by?
David Sinclair (50:31):
Well, the genetic code stays the same. The epigenetic code, which is the reader of the DNA, which we talked about in episode one, that gets reset. So the structures of DNA folds that have gone awry during aging, this X differentiation process where cells lose their identity, that gets reset back to youthfulness.
But how that happens, how do you get a loop of DNA to go back into a bundle and a bundle to go back into a loop? We have no idea how that works. We know that there’s a backup copy of not the genome, but the epigenome, the structures that read the DNA, similar to polishing the scratches on a CD with the analogy we talked about in episode one. But how does the cell do that? How does it reestablish that original software and reinstall the software in the cell? We’re only just trying to figure that out now. Eventually we will know how this works and maybe we’ll even develop a pill instead of a gene therapy that could reset the age, not just of the eye, but the whole body. And when that happens, certainly it’s going to be a very different world, but until then we’ll work on vision and then we’ll see where we go from there.
Matthew LaPlante (51:35):
But suffice it to say there are several ways that we think that we can get the human body to do this, to reset the epigenetic clock. We can do it through cellular reprogramming. It looks like it’s possible to do through exosomes.
And you just mentioned pills and it does appear that it’s possible that this is what metformin is contributing to and some of the other drugs and supplements that we talked about in an earlier episode. But I mentioned metformin because a lot of people are going to say, okay, all of this stuff is great. You’ve told me a bunch of stuff that probably won’t be accessible to me anytime soon. There is a treatment regimen that is being tested out right now that starts with metformin, but a couple of other elements as well. Let’s talk about that.
David Sinclair (52:32):
Yeah, this is my colleague, Greg Fahey, Dr. Greg Fahey, and he’s been working on anti-aging or longevity treatments for a while and he hit upon a triple treatment. He uses growth hormone, which is known to raise blood sugar levels.
We talked about that as a downside, but then he realized if he could include DHEA, a hormone that is depleted during aging as well as metformin, he could mitigate the negative effects of growth hormone. And he gave that for 12 months to 10 healthy men that were aged 51 to 65. And lo and behold, when he looked at the biological clock of those men, they went back two and a half years, which may not sound like a lot, but as I thought about it, if you could truly reverse your age every year by one year, that means you’re not going to age.
Matthew LaPlante (53:19):
All right, something that confuses me about this combinatory therapy regimen that Fahey used in this small-scale trial is that it takes advantage of human growth hormone, which earlier in this episode, we said probably not a long-term anti-aging benefit. So what was the idea, do you think, behind using HGH?
David Sinclair (53:43):
Well, HGH had been shown previously to reconstitute the thymus. This is a little organ gland that’s here in your chest that is important for the immune system. This is where your T cells, your immune cells come from. And growth hormone can stimulate the regeneration of this as it degrades over time.
I’m age 50. I probably have what’s called a lot of thymic degeneration and involution. It’s a vestige of what it used to be. And growth hormone can stimulate that. But it comes with side effects, as we mentioned, not least of which is increase in insulin insensitivity or glucose intolerance. In other words, the cell doesn’t take up the glucose from the body when you have a lot of growth hormone around. So he combined that with two diabetes therapies. One is metformin, which everybody knows. And Greg also showed actually in an experiment that he did on himself, that DHEA, this hormone that some people take for longevity can also control blood glucose levels. So that combination of three gave the best effect. But I should say that measuring the clock in the blood doesn’t mean the whole body is being rejuvenated. That’s just one indicator. So what I’d like to see Greg and his colleagues do is to measure aging of other tissues and measure using different clocks, not just the Horvath or epigenetic clock.
Matthew LaPlante (54:56):
We talked in an earlier episode about the proteomic clock.
David Sinclair (55:00):
There are a variety of clocks. There’s lichen age, which are sugars that are attached to proteins that change over time. And there’s one called immuno age. You measure various changes in the immune system. Altogether these can be used to get a better picture of whether Greg’s treatment is truly reversing aging or just some aspects of it.
Matthew LaPlante (55:16):
But the really frustrating thing is even with these clocks right now, we don’t know what we don’t know five years, 10 years, 20 years down the line. So it’s a really good indicator if we can get these clocks to reset, if we can get these clocks to lower, like Greg did, at least in the short term. In the long term, do we have to wait for the long term?
David Sinclair (55:35):
Well it depends. I know that Greg’s research is ongoing and that I was with him a couple of months ago and he told me that repeated treatments over more than a year actually reduce age based on this blood clock, even more so, and people are going back by a decade apparently. Another interesting time, I would say the jury’s still out whether this is truly reversing aging or just some aspects of blood aging, but it’s a very interesting time that we live in where people are ostensibly going back in time.
Matthew LaPlante (56:06):
One of the commonalities I think in almost all of these things that we’ve talked about today is there are these early indications that something might have effects and people are jumping over one another to get to them and some people are going overseas, if they can’t get it here, they’re finding doctors willing to do this, they’re finding suppliers from wherever on the internet they can.
And it’s understandable, right, because people are suddenly awakened to this idea that aging may not be something that we have to tolerate in the long term. So they’re eager, but there’s still work that needs to be done.
David Sinclair (56:50):
There is, but what I think is really exciting is we wrote our book Lifespan in 2018-19 and we envisaged a future where people could turn their clock back and be rejuvenated. It’s only been a couple of years since then and there’s been a huge advance in the ability to reprogram the body, to measure it. These tests are now available to the public to measure biological age from blood and from spit. We’re in an age where I would say it’s hard to even predict where we’ll be in five, especially in 10 years from now.
Matthew LaPlante (57:20):
But if you’re frustrated, if you’re really overeager, there are things, I think this needs to be said, like you can take steps right now. You don’t have to necessarily be taking peptides and exosomes and you don’t have to hunt down Greg and say, you know, like, give me this, this combinatory therapy. Just slowing down the biological clock right now, doing the things that we talked about in the first few episodes is going to buy you that time for these therapies to, to mature to the place where we know that they’re safe. We know what they’re going to do.
David Sinclair (57:57):
Right. So stay young, stay alive because the future looks bright. With the current pace of medicine and medical technologies, if you live an extra year, you get another three months of life. We could easily approach a time where every year you live, you get another year of life. And that’s when the world becomes super interesting.
Matthew LaPlante (58:16):
What are we talking about next episode?
David Sinclair (58:17):
We’re talking about aging on the outside. So we’ve talked a lot about how to keep your insides young. Next episode, we’re going to talk about your skin, your hair, your nails, how to keep those looking good. And it’s not just superficial. It’s really important. It’s actually been shown that if you look younger on the outside, you’re probably young on the inside too. So stay tuned for that. If you’re enjoying this podcast and would like to support us, please subscribe on YouTube, Apple podcasts and Spotify.
On Apple, you have the opportunity to leave us up to a five star review. Also check out the sponsors that we mentioned at the start of the episode. That’s probably the best way to support the show. We also have a Patreon account. That’s patreon.com slash David Sinclair. There you can support the show at any level you’d like. Thanks again for joining us on this episode of the Lifespan podcast.
Episode Info
In this week’s episode of the Lifespan podcast, Dr. David Sinclair and co-host Matthew LaPlante cover potential anti-aging interventions that are on the cutting edge. They share the latest research surrounding testosterone replacement therapy (TRT), human growth hormone (HGH), peptide supplementation, exosomes, stem cells, and cellular reprogramming. The idea of human rejuvenation and potential paths towards resetting the aging clock is also discussed.
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Timestamps:
(00:00:00) Kicking Off Episode Five: Interventions on the Cutting Edge
(00:02:39) Expressing Gratitude to the Sponsors
(00:05:28) Testosterone Replacement Therapy
(00:10:09) Human Growth Hormone
(00:13:56) Peptide Supplementation and Regenerative Signaling
(00:18:11) MOTS-c, Humanin, and Other Peptides
(00:25:05) Exosome Therapy
(00:31:56) A Primer on Stem Cells and Yamanaka Factors
(00:37:59) Stem Cell Aging and Cord Blood Banking
(00:41:42) The Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells
(00:43:37) Cellular Reprogramming
(00:51:35) Resetting the Aging Clock
(00:56:50) The Future Looks Bright
(00:58:15) Next Week’s Episode: External Aging
(00:58:36) Subscription and Support Options
For the full show notes, including the peer-reviewed studies, visit the Lifespan podcast website.
Please note that Lifespan with Dr. David Sinclair is distinct from Dr. Sinclair's teaching and research roles at Harvard Medical School. The information provided in this show is not medical advice, nor should it be taken or applied as a replacement for medical advice. The Lifespan with Dr. David Sinclair podcast, its employees, guests and affiliates assume no liability for the application of the information discussed.
Title Card Photo Credit: Mike Blabac
Special thanks to our research assistants, Adiv Johnson & Sarah Ryan.